You, Y. Cui, J.,Smith, W. R. and Wang, Q. X. Computational and experimental study for bubble dynamics near a rigid boundary for a Reynolds number of O(10-100)
![Diagram showing a vortex ring associated with a toroidal bubble](/Images/College-EPS-only/maths/research/bubble-dynamics-rigid-boundary.png)
We show that a vortex ring associated with a toroidal bubble is not generated instantaneously as the liquid jet penetrates the bubble, as assumed for over a half of century, but develops within the bubble gas before that.