My research topic is how medieval witchcraft theory, the theory of women as witches and the sex more prone to deception, influenced the development of women in magic in the nineteenth century. Spiritualism in the nineteenth century was criticised as witchcraft in disguise, which influenced how deceptive and magical women were, in many cases, seen as women with heightened sexuality, which harks back to medieval witchcraft theory of deceptive women as promiscuous women.