All babies across Europe should be routinely screened for critical congenital heart defects (CCHD) within 24 hours of their birth, say a group of experts led by a University of Birmingham Professor and Honorary Consultant Neonatologist at Birmingham Women's Hospital.

The European Pulse Oximetry Screening Workgroup (EPOSW), a group of neonatologists and paediatric cardiologist, including Presidents of leading European Neonatal Scientific Societies, has published a consensus statement recommending screening with pulse oximetry for all babies across Europe.

CCHD occur in around two in every 1,000 newborn babies, and are a leading cause of infant death. Timely diagnosis is crucial for the best outcome for these babies, but current screening methods may miss up to 50% of affected newborn infants, and those sent home before diagnosis frequently die or suffer major morbidity. However, babies with CCHD often have low blood oxygen levels which can be detected quickly and non-invasively by pulse oximetry screening (POS), using a simple sensor placed on newborn infants’ hand and foot.

This medical device monitors the oxygen saturation of a patient's blood through their skin, as opposed to measuring oxygen levels directly through a blood sample.

EPOSW’s statement, published in Lancet Child Adolescent Health, is a culmination of almost a decade’s work and calls for POS in all European countries for newborn babies after six hours of life or before discharge - preferably within 24 hours of birth.

The recommendations follow the PulseOx study led by a team from University of Birmingham and Birmingham Women’s Hospital in 2011 which screened over 20,000 newborn babies for critical heart defects using POS. This study, and an important meta-analysis of the test published by the same team in 2012, has led to POS being used by an increasing number of hospitals in the UK and Europe. However, to date, only a few countries such as Poland, Ireland and Switzerland have issued national guidelines recommending universal screening with pulse oximetry.

Senior author Professor Andrew Ewer, of the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research at the University of Birmingham, said: “These recommendations are the culmination of almost a decade’s work driven by one focus; to prevent as many babies as possible from dying as a result of undetected heart defects.

“Surgical and catheter interventions for CCHD now lead to excellent outcomes for most cases of CCHD, but timely detection is essential.

“POS improves early detection of CCHD in newborn babies by identifying those with low oxygen saturations.

“POS has been shown to be simple, quick, painless, consistent and cost-effective and acceptable to both staff and parents.

“We have tried to create common, shared, flexible, and evidence-based recommendations for use and standardisation of POS for early detection of CCHD across Europe.

“These recommendations should be considered at a national level as an approach to better identify CCHD, and other life-threatening conditions, in newborn babies.”

The UK National Screening Committee is currently considering the evidence for POS and whether it should be introduced to the UK national screening programme.

For more information or to arrange interviews contact Emma McKinney, Communications Manager (Health Science), University of Birmingham: +44 (0)121 414 6681.

• The University of Birmingham is ranked amongst the world’s top 100 institutions. Its work brings people from across the world to Birmingham, including researchers, teachers and more than 5,000 international students from over 150 countries.
• Manzoni et al (2017). ‘Pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart defects: a European consensus statement’. Lancet Child Adolescent Health. 
• The European Pulse Oximetry Screening Workgroup comprises of Paolo Manzoni, Gerard R Martin, Luc JI Zimmermann, Anne de-Wahl Granelli, Avroy A Fanaroff, Ilona C. Narayen, Daniele De Luca, Julie Thomas-Chabaneix, Thorsten Orlikowsky, Umberto Simeoni, Irana G. Soldatova, Julije Mestrovic, Barry S Rodgers-Gray, Virgilio P Carnielli, Antonio Del Vecchio, Sergio Picardo, Robert M Tulloh, Maximo Vento, Manuel Sanchez Luna, and Andrew Ewer.
• The authors represent the following institutions and organisations:

1. Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, S.Anna Hospital, Turin, Italy
2. Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
3. Neonatology Division, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
4. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia
5. Division of Pediatrics, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
6. Neonatology Division, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
7. Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, UK
8. Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, UK

• A pulse oximeter is a machine which can measure, non-invasively, the amount of oxygen being carried around the body by the red blood cells called oxygen saturations. Oxygen from the lungs is bound to hemoglobin in the red-blood cells forming oxyhemoglobin. If oxygen is not bound then this forms de-oxyhemoglobin. In health, almost all haemoglobin is oxyhemoglobin and so the oxygen saturations (i.e. the percentage of haemoglobin which has bound oxygen) is close to 100%. The pulse oximeter measures this by passing light through the peripheral blood vessels (e.g. a finger-tip in an adult or a hand or foot in a baby). Oxyhaemoglobin and de-oxyhaemoglobin absorb this light in different way and the proportion of light absorbed can be analysed by software within the oximeter which then calculates the percentage of haemoglobin saturated with oxygen.
• To read the PulseOx Study led by the University of Birmingham in 2011 click here .
• Birmingham Women’s Hospital, part of Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, is a centre of excellence, providing a range of specialist health care services to over 50,000 women and their families every year from Birmingham, the West Midlands and beyond. As well as delivering over 8,000 babies a year, it offers a full range of gynaecological, maternity and neonatal care, as well as a comprehensive genetics service, which serves men and women. Its fertility centre is one of the best in the country, while the fetal medicine centre receives regional and national referrals. The hospital is also an international centre for education, research and development with a research budget of over £3 million per year. In April 2016, it was announced as the national miscarriage research centre – the first of its kind in the UK - in partnership with Tommy’s baby charity.