New research shows we have a good awareness of when we are recalling events accurately – and when our brain is filling in gaps with general knowledge.
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Memories are a blend of recalled details and ‘prototypical’ information - so how much trust should we put in them? A study at the University of Birmingham has shown that when prototypes appear more prominent, we become less confident in the recollection.
This means that we are able to distinguish between these two types of memory, and accurately assess how reliable our memories are. The results are published in Communications Psychology.
“We rely on our memories, particularly when they are of a one-off event, for example a birthday dinner,” explained lead author Dr Ben Griffiths. “But events that occur regularly, such as your commute to work, are streamlined by the brain to only retain the unique elements – some roadworks, perhaps, or a near-miss. The rest of the details are filled in from pre-existing knowledge.
“We wanted to find out well people were able to recognise these generic or ‘prototypical’ memories, and how far they were able to trust their recollections.”
Our research shows that people are actually quite good at knowing when their accounts are reliable and when they are influenced by their brain filling in gaps with generic information.
In the study, just over 200 participants completed a series of experiments in which they were asked to look at objects in different ‘non-matching’ colours. For example a blue apple. After completing a simple maths task as a distraction, they were asked to remember the colour and then pick it out from a colour bar to test how precisely they were able to recall the shade.
Finally, they were asked to rate how confident they were of the accuracy of their answer by selecting from ‘sure’, ‘unsure’, or ‘guess’.
The group used unsupervised machine learning to pick out patterns from the responses. This enabled the researchers to spot the generic, or ‘prototypical’ shades that people tended to opt for when they were unsure of their accurate recollection of the colour.
The results showed that participants’ confidence in their colour selections tended to decline when the colours were closer to shades identified as prototypical by the machine learning algorithm. This suggests that we are aware of the likely degree to which prototypes are filling in gaps in our memory and can factor in that knowledge when we are asked to assess the accuracy of our recollection.
The findings have implications for eyewitness accounts in legal cases, where confidence in the accuracy of recollection is key.
Dr Griffiths added: “When it comes to facial recognition, we know that people struggle to distinguish accurate memories from prototypes. We know less about how recollection of events can also be biased, but that is equally important when making decisions about how much to trust an individual’s recollection.
“Our research shows that people are actually quite good at knowing when their accounts are reliable and when they are influenced by their brain filling in gaps with generic information.”
Leverhulme Early Career Fellow
Dr Benjamin Griffths is an expert in the cognitive neuroscience of memory, with a particular focus on the link between episodic memory and neural oscillations.
